This study aims to analyze the cognitive structures of visual arts preservice teachers related to primary and secondary colors by creating a concept map. The study was carried out with qualitative data. The sample of the study consisted of 171 visual arts preservice teachers studying at Faculty of Education, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University. Independent word association test was used as data collection tool. The data were analyzed by content analysis method. Visual arts preservice teachers' cognitive structures related to primary and secondary colors were obtained by drawing a concept map. According to this, it was revealed that the colors express various objects with distinctive colors and different colors express different emotions. In this study, it was determined that red is the color that is most related to all other primary and secondary colors; warm colors are more interrelated among themselves and cool colors among themselves, as well. It was determined that the common concept used for all colors is happiness.