Author :
Abstract
The aim of this research is to analyse the relationship between the shyness and loneliness levels of elementary students. This research has been conducted in accordance with general screening model. The target population of the research is constituted of 470 elementary students. Pearson moments correlation coefficient technique, independent samples t-test and regression test have been employed for analysing the data. As a result of the research, it has been found out that the shyness levels of male students were found to be higher than the female students. It has also been found out that female students feel more loneliness than male students. It was also found out that there is a positive relationship between students’ shyness and loneliness levels. In order to find out the prediction level of shyness on loneliness, the regression analysis was made. According to the result of the study, shyness predicts loneliness by 2 %. At the end of the research, the findings were commented under other research findings and some recommendations were put forward.
Keywords
Abstract
The aim of this research is to analyse the relationship between the shyness and loneliness levels of elementary students. This research has been conducted in accordance with general screening model. The target population of the research is constituted of 470 elementary students. Pearson moments correlation coefficient technique, independent samples t-test and regression test have been employed for analysing the data. As a result of the research, it has been found out that the shyness levels of male students were found to be higher than the female students. It has also been found out that female students feel more loneliness than male students. It was also found out that there is a positive relationship between students’ shyness and loneliness levels. In order to find out the prediction level of shyness on loneliness, the regression analysis was made. According to the result of the study, shyness predicts loneliness by 2 %. At the end of the research, the findings were commented under other research findings and some recommendations were put forward.
Keywords
- Arı, R. & Hamarta, E. (2000). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık ve sosyal beceri düzeylerinin öğrencilerin özlük nitelikleri açısından incelenmesi *Investigation of university students’ loneliness and social skill levels with respect to their individual traits]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 121-134.
- Arkin, R. M., Appelman, A. J. & Burger, J. M. (1980). Social anxiety, self-presentation, and the self-serving bias in causal attribution. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 38, 23-35.
- Asendorpf, J. B. (1990). Development of inhibition during childhood: Evidence for situational specificity and a two-factor model. Developmental Psychology, 26, 721-730.
- Asendorpf, J. B. (1987). Videotape reconstruction of emotions and cognitions related to shyness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 53, 542-549.
- Asendorpf, J. B. (1989). Shyness as a final common pathway for two different kinds of inhibition. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 57, 481-492.
- Ashe, D. D. & McCutcheson, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude towards celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9), 124-133.
- Booth, R. B., Bartlett, D. & Bohnsack, J. (1992). Examination of the relationship between happiness, loneliness, and shyness in college student. Journal of College Student Development, 33, 157-159.
- Bozgeyikli, H. (2002). Utangaçlığı anlama ve üstesinden gelme *Understanding overcoming the loneliness+. Sünbül, A. M. (Ed.). Eğitime yeni bakışlar-2. Ankara: Mikro Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
- Buss, A. H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.
- Buss, A. H. (1985). A theory of shyness. Jones, W. H., Cheek, J. M. & Briggs, S. R. (Eds.). Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
- Carducci, B. J. (1999). Shyness: A bold new approach. New York: HarperCollins.
- Cheek, J.M. & Briggs, S.R. (1990). Shyness as a personality trait. W. R. Crozier (Ed.). Shyness and embarrassment: Perspectives from social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Cheek, J. M. & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330-339.
- Crozier, W. R. (2000). Shyness and social relationships. Crozier, W. R. (Ed.). Syhness: development, consolidation and change. London: Routledge.
- Crozier, W. R. (1979). Shyness as anxious self-preoccupation. Psychological Reports, 44, 959- 962.
- DeJong, G, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: Concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 8, 73-80.
- Demir, A. & Fışıloğlu, H. (1999). Loneliness and marital adjustment of Turkish couples. The Journal of Psychology, 133, 230-240.
- Demir, A. (1990). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeyini etkileyen bazı etmenler [Some factors that affect university students’ loneliness levels+. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Demir, A. (1989). Reliability and validity studies of UCLA loneliness scale among college students. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 7, 4-18.
- Deniz, M. E., Hamarta E. & Arı, R. (2005). An investigation of social skills and loneliness levels of university students with respect to their attachment styles in a sample of Turkish students. Social Behaviour & Personality, 33, 19-32.
- Dill, J. C. & Anderson, C. A. (1999). Loneliness, shyness, and depression: The etiology and interrelationships of everyday problems in living. Joiner, T. & Coyne, J. C. (Eds.). The interactional nature of depression: Advances in interpersonal approaches. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
- DiTommaso, E, Brannen-McNulty, C., Ross, L. & Burgess, M. (2003). Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 303-312.
- D’Souza, L., Urs, G. B. & R. J. (2008). Relationship between shyness and guidance needs among adolescents. Journal of Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(2), 317-322.
- Duggan, S. E. & Brennan, K. A. (1994). Social avoidance and its relation to Bartholomew’s adult attachment typology. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 11, 147-153.
- Durmuş, E. (2007). Utangaç olan ve olmayan öğrencilerin algıları *Perceptions of shy and non-shy students]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 243-268.
- Eren-Gümüş, A. (1997). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal kaygı düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi [Examination of social anxiety levels of university students in relation to some variables+. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Erözkan, A. (2009). The predictors of loneliness in adolescents. Elementary Education Online, 8(3), 809-819.
- Hamarta, E. (2000). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık ve sosyal beceri düzeylerinin öğrencilerin özlük nitelikleri açısından incelenmesi [Examination of loneliness and social skill levels of university students with respect to their individual traits]. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
- Hansson, R. O., Jones, W. H., Carpenter, B. N. & Remondet, I. (1986). Loneliness and adjustment to old age. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 24, 41-53.
- Henderson, L. & Zimbardo, F. G. (1998). Shyness: Encyclopaedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Güngör, A. (2001). Utangaçlık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları [Development of the loneliness scale: Validity and reliability study]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(15), 17-22.
- Güngör, D. (1996). Turkish university students' relationships with their friends and families: Social support, satisfaction with life and loneliness. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Middle East Technical University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
- Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions. New York: Academic Press.
- Jackson, T., Fritch, A., Nagasaka, T. & Gunderson, J. (2002). Towards explaining the association between shyness and loneliness: A path analysis with American college students. Social Behavior & Personality, 30(3), 263-270.
- Jackson, T., Soderlind, A. & Weiss, K. (2000). Personality traits and quality of relationships as predictors of future loneliness among American college students. Social Behavior & Personality, 28, 463-470.
- Jackson, T., Towson, S., & Narduzzi, K. (1997). Predictor of shyness: A test of variables associated with self-presentational models. Social Behavior & Personality, 25(2), 149154.
- Jones, W. H. & Carver, M. D. (1991). Adjustment and coping implications of loneliness, Snyder, R. & Forsyth, D. R. (Eds.). Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The healthy perspective. New York: Pergamon Press.
- Jones, W. H., Rose, J. & Russell, D. (1990). Loneliness and social anxiety. Leitenberg, H. (Ed.). Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety. New York: Plenum
- Jones, W. H. & Russell, D. (1982). The social reticence scale: An objective measure of shyness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 629-631.
- Jones, W. H., Freemon, J. E. & Goswick, R. A. (1981). The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants. Journal of Personality, 49, 27-48.
- Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method]. (15. Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Karaoğlu, N., Avşaroğlu, S. & Deniz, M. E. (2009). Yalnız mısın?: Selçuk üniversitesi öğrencilerinde yalnızlık düzeyi ile ilgili bir çalışma *Are you lonely? A study on the loneliness levels of Selcuk university students]. Marmara Medical Journal, 22(1), 19-26.
- Katz, E., Gurevitch, M. & Haas, H. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38, 164-181.
- Kraut, R. S., Kiesler, B., Boneva, J. N., Cummings, V. H. & Crawford, A.M. (2002) Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49-74.
- Leary, M. R. (1991). Social anxiety, shyness, and related constructs. Robinson, P. J., Shaver, P. & Wrightsman, L. (Eds.). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. New York: Academic Press.
- Leary, M. R. (1983a). Understanding social anxiety: Social, personality, and clinical perspectives. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
- Leary, M. R. (1983b). Social anxiousness: The construct and its measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 66-75.
- Leary, M. R. (1986). Affective and behavioral components of shyness: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. Jones, W. H., Cheek, J. M. & Briggs, S. R. (Eds.). Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment. New York: Plenum.
- Leary, M. R. & Schlenker, B. R. (1981). The social psychology of shyness: A self- presentation model. Tedeschi, J. T. (Ed.). Impression management: theory and social psychological research. New York: Academic Press.
- Leary, M. R. & Kowalski, R. M. (1993). The interaction anxiousness scale: Construct and criterion related validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 136-146.
- McWhirter, B. T (1990). Loneliness: A review of current literature, with implications for counseling and research. Journal of Counselling & Development, 68, 417-422.
- Medora, N. & Woodward, J. (1986). Loneliness among adolescent college students at a mid-western university. Adolescence, 21, 391-402.
- Moustakas, C. E. (1961). Loneliness. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Moraldo, G. K. (1981). Shyness and loneliness among college men and women. Psychological Reports, 48, 885-886.
- Neuman, W. (2000). Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches. (Fourth Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Özdemir, U. & Tuncay, T. (2008). Correlates of loneliness among university students. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Mental Health, 2(29), 1-6.
- Pancar, A. (2009). Parçalanmış ve tam aileye sahip ergenlerin yalnızlık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [An investigation of adolescents who belong to broken and complete families in terms of some variables+. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
- Peplau, L. A. (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. Australia: John Wiley & Sons Limited.
- Peplau, L. & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. Peplau, L. & Perlman, D. (Eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Peplau, L. A., Miceli, M. & Morasch, B. (1982). Loneliness and self-evaluation. Peplau, L. A. & Perlman, D. (Eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons Limited.
- Perse, E. M. & Rubin, A. M. (1990). Chronic loneliness and television use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 37-53
- Pilkonis, P. A. (1977). Shyness, public and private, and its relationship to other measures of social behavior. Journal of Personality, 45, 585-595.
- Rosengren, K. E. & Windahl, S. (1972). Mass media consumption as a functional alternative. McQuail, D. (Ed.). Sociology of mass communication. Middlesex, England: Penguin.
- Rubin, A. M. & R. B. Rubin (1985). Interface of personal and mediated communication: A research agenda. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2, 36-53.
- Russell, D., Peplau, L. A. & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290-294.
- Russell, D., Peplau, L. A. & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 39, 472-480.
- Schlenker, B. R. & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641-669.
- Schölmerich, A., Broberg, A. G. & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Precursors of inhibition and shyness in the first year of life. Crozier, W. R. (Ed.). Syhness: Development, consolidation and change. London: Routledge.
- Seligman, A. G. (1983). The presentation of loneliness as a separate diagnostic category and its disengagement from depression. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 1, 33-37.
- Sherri, D. F., Rickard, A. S. & Zlokovich, M. S. (2009). Humor styles as mediators of the shyness-loneliness relationship. North American Journal of Psychology, 1, June.
- Shin, Y. (2007). Peer relationships, social behaviours, academic performance and loneliness in Korean primary school children. School Psychology International, 28(2), 220-236.
- Spitzberg, B. H. & Canary, D. J. (1985). Loneliness and relationally competent communication. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 2, 387-402.
- Todd, J., Soderlind, A. & Weiss, K. (2000). Personality traits and quality of relationships as predictors of future loneliness among American college students. Social Behavior & Personality, 28(5), 463-470.
- Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51, 407-415.
- Van Dam-Baggen, R. & Kraaimaat, F. (1999). Assessing social anxiety: The inventory of interpersonal situations (IIS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 15, 25-38.
- Watson, D. & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.
- Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. London: MIT Press.
- Wittenberg, M. T. ve Reis, H. T. (1986). Loneliness, social skills, and social perception. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 121-130.
- Yalom, I. (2001). Varoluşçu psikoterapi *Existentialist psychotherapy+. (Trans.: Z. İyidoğan Babayiğit). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
- Yıldırım, M. (2006). Sosyal beceri eğitimin lise 2. sınıf öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerine etkisi [Effect of social skill education on high school grade 2 students’ shyness levels+. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Yüksel, G. (2002). Üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörler [Factors that affect university students’ shyness levels+. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 37-57.
- Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Reading, MA: Perseus Press.
- Zimbardo, P. G. (1989). Shyness: What it is, what to do about It. (Reissue Ed.). MA: Addison- Wesley.
- Zimbardo, P. G. & Radl, S. L. (1981). The shy child. New York: McGraw-Hill.