Prediction of Social Anxiety in Adolescence in the Context of Parental Attitudes and Emotion Regulation

Author :  

Year-Number: 2021-Volume 13, Issue 4
Yayımlanma Tarihi: 2021-08-31 13:24:00.0
Language : English
Konu : Guidance and psychological counseling
Number of pages: 1198-1217
Mendeley EndNote Alıntı Yap

Abstract

Keywords

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the relationships between high school students' social anxiety level and emotion regulation strategies and parental attitudes. 323 students studying at different types of high schools in Diyarbakır in the 2019-2020 academic years participated in the present study using the relational screening model. In the research, "Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents", "Child Rearing Attitudes Scale", "Adolescent Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (AERQ)" and a personal information form prepared by the researcher were used. Descriptive statistics were explained in the analysis of the data, and the Pearson product-moments correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis were used. According to the results, the model formed by the strict supervision / control attitude of the parents and the internal dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies used by adolescents predicts social anxiety, and the related variables can be risk factors for social anxiety in adolescence.

Keywords


  • Aderka, I. M., Hofmann, S. G., Nickerson, A., Hermesh, H., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Marom, S. (2012). Functional impairment in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 393–400.

  • Akyıl, Y. (2000). Percieved parental child-rearing practices and social anxiety in Turkish adolescents. (Master’s thesis). Boğaziçi Üniversity, Istanbul, Turkey.

  • Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009

  • Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 276–281. doi:10.1037/a0023598

  • Aldao, A., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 382–389.

  • Allaman, J. D., Joyce, C. S., & Crandall, V. C. (1972). The antecedents of social desirability response tendencies of children and young adults. Child Development, 1135-1160.

  • Aydın, A., & Tekinsav-Sütcü, S. (2007). Ergenler için sosyal kaygı ölçeğinin (ESKÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesi. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 14 (2), 79-89.

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191.

  • Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd edn). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45(4), 405- 415.

  • Bögels, S., & Phares, V. (2008). Fathers role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 539–558.

  • Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L. (2006). Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 834–856.

  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004) The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15:482–487.

  • Bridges L. Denham, J., & Ganiban, J. M. (2004) Definitional issues in emotion regulation research. Child Development, 75(2), 340-345.

  • Brozovich, F., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 891-903. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.002

  • Calkins, S. D., & Hill, A. (2007). Caregiver Influence on Emerging Emotion Regulation: Biological and Environmental Transactions in Early Development. In: Gross, J.J., Ed., Handbook of Emotion Regulation, Guilford Press, New York, 229-248.

  • Cankardaş, S. (2019). Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(1), 79-97.

  • Carothers, D., & Parfitt, C. (2017). Disability or language difference: how do we decide? American Journal of Qualitative Research, 1(1), 1–12.

  • Chavira, D. A., & Stein, M. B. (2005). Childhood social anxiety disorder: from understanding to treatment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 14(4), 797-818.

  • Chen, X., Dong, Q., & Zhou, H. (1997). Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting Practices and Social and School Performance in Chinese Children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21(4), 855–873. doi:10.1080/016502597384703

  • Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419.

  • Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2002). Information processing in social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 92–100.

  • Cole, P. M, Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3), 73-100.

  • Compas, B., Jaser, S., Bettis, A., Watson, K., Gruhn, M., Dunbar, J., & Thigpen, J. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 939-991. doi:10.1037/bul0000110

  • Coplan, R. J., Prakash K, O’Neil, K., & Armer M. 2004. Do you “want” to play? Distinguishing between conflicted-shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 40, 244–58.

  • Cox, B. J., Fleet, C., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Self-criticism and social phobia in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 227–34.

  • Duy, B., & Yıldız, M. A. (2014). Ergenler için Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5, 23-35.

  • Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025-1034.

  • Erdoğan, Ö., & Uçukoğlu, H. (2011). İlköğretim okulu öğrencilerin anne-baba tutumu algıları ile atılganlık ve olumsuz değerlendirilmekten korkma düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 19(1), 51-72.

  • Ersoy, E. (2013). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin algıladıkları anne baba tutumlari ile benlik saygisi ve depresyon düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Master’s thesis). Fatih Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Turkey.

  • Festa, C. C., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2011). Parental and peer predictors of social anxiety in youth. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42(3), 291-306.

  • Field, A. P. (2005). Is the meta-analysis of correlation coefficients accurate when population correlations vary? Psychological methods, 10(4), 444.

  • Fox, N., & Calkins, S.D. (2003) The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 7-26.

  • Frankenberger, K. D. (2000). Adolescent egocentrism: A comparison among adolescents and adults. Journal of Adolescence, 23(3), 343–354. doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0319

  • Furmark, T. (2002). Social phobia: overview of community surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(2), 84– 93. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.1r103.x

  • Galanaki, E. P. (2012). The imaginary audience and the personal fable: A test of Elkind’s theory of adolescent egocentrism. Psychology, 3(6), 457-466.

  • Garnefskyi N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. H. (2001) Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1311–1327.

  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299.

  • Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. Handbook of Emotions, 3(3), 497-513.

  • Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion Regulation: Conceptual Foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (p. 3–24). The Guilford Press.

  • Gross, J. J., & John, O.P. (2003) Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.

  • Gross, J. J. (2002) Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198

  • Gullone, E., & Taffe, J. (2012). The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ– CA): A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 409–417. doi:10.1037/a0025777

  • Gullone, E., Hughes, E. K., King, N. J., & Tonge, B. (2009). The normative development of emotion regulation strategy use in children and adolescents: A 2-year follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 567–674.

  • Hayward, C., Wilson, K. A., Lagle, K., Kraemer, H. C., Killen, J. D., & Taylor, C. B. (2008). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety in adolescents. Depression and Anxiety, 25(3), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20289

  • Hofmann, S. G., Gutner, C. A., & Fang, A. (2012). Social Anxiety Disorder. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 450– 455. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375000-6.00330-x

  • Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2000). “The Origins of Social Phobia,” Behavior Modification, 24 (1) 102-130.

  • Jazaieri, H., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The role of emotion and emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(1), 531.

  • Johnson, R. L., & Glass, C. R. (1989). Heterosocial anxiety and direction of attention in high school boys. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 509–526.

  • Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (1982). Old age security value of children and socioeconomic development: Cross-national evidence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13, 29–42.

  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2008). SPSS Uygulamalı çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd.

  • Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.

  • Kashdan, T. B., & Breen, W. E. (2008). Social anxiety and positive emotions: A prospective examination of a self-regulatory model with tendencies to suppress or express emotions as a moderating variable. Behavior Therapy, 39, 1-12. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.02.003

  • Kelley, S. A., Brownell, C. A., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Mastery motivation and self-evaluative affect in toddlers: Longitudinal relations with maternal behavior. Child Development, 71, 1061–1071.

  • Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Özdemir, M. (2012). Perceived parenting style and adolescent adjustment: Revisiting directions of effects and the role of parental knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 48(6), 1540–1553. doi:10.1037/a0027720

  • Kessler, R. C. (2003). The impairments caused by social phobia in the general population: implications for intervention. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(s417), 19–27. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.2.x

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

  • Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169–184. doi:10.1002/mpr.135

  • Koydemir-Özden, S., & Demir, A. (2009). The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Attitudes and Shyness among Turkish Youth: Fear of Negative Evaluation and Self-esteem as Mediators. Current Psychology, 28(3), 169–180. doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9054-1

  • Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (Eds.). (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. The Guilford Press.

  • Koole, S. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 4- 41.

  • La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 83–94.

  • La Greca, A. M., Dandes, S. K., Wick, P., Shaw, K., & Stone, W. L. (1988). Development of the Social Anxiety Scale for Children: Reliability and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17(1), 84–91.

  • Lapsley, D. K. (1993). Toward an integrated theory of adolescent ego development: The ``new look'' atadolescent egocentrism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63(4), 562-571.

  • Lee, F. S., Heimer, H., Giedd, J. N., Lein, E. S., Sestan, N., Weinberger, D. R., & Casey, B. J. (2014). Adolescent mental health—opportunity and obligation. Science, 346, 547–549.

  • Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., Hofler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M., & Merikangas, K. (2000). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 859–866.

  • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the Context of the Family: 111 Parent – Child Interaction. P. H. Mussen ve E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Socialization. Personality and Social Development. New York: Wiley

  • Maccoby, M. (1980). Work and human development. Professional Psychology, 11(3), 509–519.

  • Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2002). Anxiety Disorders. Abnormal Child Psychology (2.Ed ). Belmant: Thomson Learning.

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hilt, L. M. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 894–904.

  • McLean, C. P., Miller, N. A., & Hope, D. A. (2007). Mediating social anxiety and disordered eating: The role of expressive suppression. Eating Disorders, 15, 41-54. doi:10.1080/10640260601044485

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Aldao, A. (2011). Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 51,704-708.

  • Perini, S. J., Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Perception of performance as a mediator in the relationship between social anxiety and negative post-event rumination. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 30, 645-659.

  • Phillips, K. F. V., & Power, M. J. (2007). A new self-report measure of emotion regulation in adolescents: The Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology &Psychotherapy, 14(2), 145–156. doi:10.1002/cpp.523

  • Power, M. J., & Dalgleish, T. (1997). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Hove: Psychology Press. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7(4), 340–340

  • Rapee, R. M. & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 737-767.

  • Rork, K. E., & Morris, T. L. (2009). Influence of parenting factors on childhood social anxiety: Direct observation of parental warmth and control. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 31(3), 220-235.

  • Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. S. L., & Fox, N. (2001). Emotion regulation, parenting, and display of social reticence in preschoolers. Early Education and Development, 1, 97–115.

  • Sackl-Pammer, P., Jahn, R., Özlü-Erkilic, Z., Pollak, E., Ohmann, S., Schwarzenberg, J., & Akkaya-Kalayci, T. (2019). Social anxiety disorder and emotion regulation problems in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1). doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0297-9

  • Schafer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2017). Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 261-276. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0

  • Schmidt, L. (2008). Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 123. doi:10.2147/ndt.s1799

  • Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371(9618), 1115–1125. doi:10.1016/s0140- 6736(08)60488-2

  • Stein. A., Woolley, H., Cooper, S., Winterbottom, J., Fairburn, C. G, & Cortina-Borja, M. (2006) Eating habits and attitudes among 10-year-old children of mothers with eating disorders: longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 189(4), 324–9.

  • Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S. M., & Brown, B. B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective. American Psychologist, 47,723–729. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.6.723

  • Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Çocuk yetiştirme stillerinin bağlanma stilleri, benlik değerlendirmeleri ve yakın ilişkiler üzerindeki etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14, 35-58.

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental Designs Using ANOVA. Belmont: Thomson/Brooks/Cole.

  • Takako, S. (1994). Familial and Developmental Antecedents of Social Anxiety. (unpublished Master’s thesis). Temple Üniversitesi, Pennsylvania, US.

  • Teachman, B. A., & Allen, J. P. (2007). Development of social anxiety: Social interaction predictors of implicit and explicit fear of negative evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(1), 63–78.

  • Theall-Honey, L. A., & Schmidt, L. A (2006) Do temperamentally shy children process emotion diferently than nonshy children? Behavioral, psychophysiological, and gender diferences in reticent preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology, 48, 187–196.

  • Tsui, T. Y. L., Lahat, A. & Schmidt, L. A. (2016). Linking Temperamental Shyness and Social Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence: Moderating Influences of Sex and Age. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(5), 778–785. doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0702-z

  • Turk, C. L, Heimberg, R. G, Luterek, J. A, Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Emotion Dysregulation in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Comparison with Social Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 89–106.

  • Türkçapar, H. (1999). Sosyal Fobinin Psikolojik Kuramı. Klinik Psikiyatri, 28, 452-456.

  • Van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J. M. & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Research Review: The relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(12), 1257–1269.

  • Weiss, B., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1992). Some consequences of early harsh discipline: Child aggression and maladaptive social information processing style. Child Development, 63, 1321–1335.

  • Wong, Q. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complementary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 84-100.

  • Woodruff-Borden, J., Morrow, C., Bourland, S., & Cambron, S. (2002). The behavior of anxious parents: Examining mechanisms of transmissions of anxious from parent to child. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 364–374.

  • Yörükoğlu, A. (1992). Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı, Özgür Yayın Dağıtım, 17.bsk., İstanbul.

  • Young, K., Sandman, C., & Craske, M. (2019). Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression. Brain Sciences, 9(4), 76. doi:10.3390/brainsci9040076

  • Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 182–194.

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • Article Statistics